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{"id":6270,"date":"2021-10-14T14:14:55","date_gmt":"2021-10-14T17:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/agribrasilis.com\/?p=6270"},"modified":"2022-01-03T10:33:42","modified_gmt":"2022-01-03T13:33:42","slug":"mudancas-climaticas-na-agricultura-brasileira-e-na-america-do-sul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agribrasilis.com\/2021\/10\/14\/mudancas-climaticas-na-agricultura-brasileira-e-na-america-do-sul\/","title":{"rendered":"Mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas na agricultura brasileira e na Am\u00e9rica do Sul"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201c… haver\u00e1 redu\u00e7\u00e3o de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o com reflexo direto na produtividade de milho, arroz e feij\u00e3o\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Eduardo Delgado Assad<\/strong>, pesquisador na Embrapa Inform\u00e1tica Agropecu\u00e1ria, explica efeitos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas na agricultura sulamericana.<\/p>\n

\"Eduardo

Eduardo Delgado Assad, pesquisador na Embrapa Inform\u00e1tica Agropecu\u00e1ria<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

Eduardo Delgado Assad<\/strong> \u00e9 engenheiro agr\u00edcola pela Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, com doutorado pela Universidade de Montpellier, Fran\u00e7a. Especializado em sensoriamento remoto no CNES (Centre National d\u00b4\u00c9tudes Spatiales) em Toulouse, \u00e9 pesquisador da Embrapa desde 1987. Foi chefe de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento da Embrapa Cerrados e da Embrapa Inform\u00e1tica Agropecu\u00e1ria, coordenador t\u00e9cnico nacional do Zoneamento Agr\u00edcola de Riscos Clim\u00e1ticos do Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, e secret\u00e1rio de Mudan\u00e7as Clim\u00e1ticas e Qualidade Ambiental do Minist\u00e9rio do Meio Ambiente.<\/p>\n

A agricultura \u00e9 um dos setores mais afetados por fen\u00f4menos naturais extremos. Com as altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas, riscos para a seguran\u00e7a alimentar e nutricional s\u00e3o multiplicados pelo aumento da frequ\u00eancia e intensidade dos eventos extremos, bem como cat\u00e1strofes relacionadas ao clima. Aumento da temperatura m\u00e9dia implica em altera\u00e7\u00f5es na precipita\u00e7\u00e3o e vento. Nos \u00faltimos 20 anos, estudos feitos no Brasil evidenciaram o impacto, a partir de an\u00e1lises de vulnerabilidade da produ\u00e7\u00e3o de gr\u00e3os em face de eventos extremos e altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas.<\/p>\n

O Brasil \u00e9 grande produtor de gr\u00e3os, carne e frutas, e o setor agropecu\u00e1rio contribui com 21,4% do PIB e 19,5% da for\u00e7a de trabalho. Na \u00faltima safra de 2020, foram produzidos 232 milh\u00f5es de toneladas de gr\u00e3os. Alguns efeitos importantes de perdas na produ\u00e7\u00e3o foram observados, principalmente para milho safrinha e soja. Essas perdas foram devidas a varia\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas como seca intensa e ondas de calor.<\/p>\n

Mais de 90% da agricultura brasileira \u00e9 de sequeiro, depende da esta\u00e7\u00e3o chuvosa, tanto em termos de quantidade quanto de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o. A intera\u00e7\u00e3o entre chuva, temperatura e \u00e1gua no solo \u00e9 determinante para a produ\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil. Para estimar poss\u00edveis perdas, s\u00e3o utilizados modelos clim\u00e1ticos que permitem verificar a produtividade atual e estimar a futura, principalmente em termos de defici\u00eancia h\u00eddrica.<\/p>\n

Proje\u00e7\u00f5es dos efeitos das altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas na agricultura no Brasil para 2050 indicam que o setor poder\u00e1 sofrer perdas expressivas. As regi\u00f5es mais vulner\u00e1veis \u00e0s altera\u00e7\u00f5es clim\u00e1ticas seriam a Amaz\u00f4nia e o Nordeste: Na Amaz\u00f4nia, o aumento da temperatura pode atingir 8\u00b0C at\u00e9 2100, onde modelos indicam a possibilidade de mudan\u00e7as na floresta amaz\u00f4nica para vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o tipo savana. A agricultura sofreria perdas expressivas em todos os estados, com exce\u00e7\u00e3o dos mais frios do Sul e do Sudeste, que registariam temperaturas amenas.<\/p>\n

Para estimativas de produtividade futura s\u00e3o utilizados dados oficiais do Brasil do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica, que disponibiliza uma s\u00e9rie hist\u00f3rica de dados de \u00e1rea plantada, produ\u00e7\u00e3o e produtividade em cada munic\u00edpio do Brasil. Dessa maneira \u00e9 estimada a perda de produtividade em fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos par\u00e2metros clim\u00e1ticos futuros, utilizando os modelos clim\u00e1ticos do IPCC, no caso espec\u00edfico o modelo Hadgem2-ES, adaptado para o Brasil e fornecido pelo INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) conhecido como ETA-Hadgem.<\/p>\n

As proje\u00e7\u00f5es futuras s\u00e3o feitas para as culturas de soja, milho, arroz, feij\u00e3o. Considerando a heterogeneidade brasileira em termos de clima, solo, relevo, vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o, as estimativas foram feitas para os Biomas Amaz\u00f4nia, Cerrado, Semi\u00e1rido, Mata-Atl\u00e2ntica e Pampa. A maior parte da produ\u00e7\u00e3o agr\u00edcola est\u00e1 concentrada no Bioma Cerrado e regi\u00e3o sul da Mata Atl\u00e2ntica.<\/p>\n

Na tabela abaixo s\u00e3o indicadas as poss\u00edveis perdas em cada bioma brasileiro para cada cultura em per\u00edodos que variam de 2010 at\u00e9 2050. Os per\u00edodos mais cr\u00edticos s\u00e3o as d\u00e9cadas de 2020 – 2030 e 2030 – 2040. Perdas mais acentuadas estariam no Cerrado e Mata-Atl\u00e2ntica, podendo ser maiores do que 30% em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao per\u00edodo de 2010 a 2020.\u00a0 Essa situa\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre se nada for feito para amenizar os impactos das mudan\u00e7as do clima.<\/p>\n

\"tabela

Efeitos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas na produtividade das culturas nos biomas brasileiros<\/em><\/p><\/div>\n

A ado\u00e7\u00e3o de pr\u00e1ticas de baixa emiss\u00e3o de carbono, que j\u00e1 \u00e9 uma pol\u00edtica oficial de financiamento agr\u00edcola, poder\u00e1 reduzir esse impacto. Alguns resultados ainda n\u00e3o publicados mostram que aqueles que adotaram essas pr\u00e1ticas em condi\u00e7\u00e3o de eventos extremos de defici\u00eancia h\u00eddrica perderam 10% na produtividade. Agricultores que n\u00e3o adotaram perderam 25% na produtividade.<\/p>\n

Estimativa de perdas de produtividade para culturas de soja, milho, arroz e feij\u00e3o em 5 Biomas brasileiros, entre os anos 2011 a 2050.<\/p>\n

Na Am\u00e9rica Central, principalmente nos pa\u00edses como Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala e El Salvador, resultados indicam os impactos das mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas na agricultura. Haver\u00e1 redu\u00e7\u00e3o de precipita\u00e7\u00e3o com reflexo direto na produtividade de milho, arroz e feij\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Em todos os casos h\u00e1 uma tend\u00eancia de redu\u00e7\u00e3o de produtividade, mesmo que as perdas sejam atenuadas pelo incremento de tecnologia. As possibilidades de redu\u00e7\u00e3o dos impactos v\u00e3o passar obrigatoriamente pela ado\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas integrados, que na sua ess\u00eancia, atuam diretamente no manejo e conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de solo e \u00e1gua.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bibliografia.<\/p>\n

ASSAD, E. D.; et al. Mudan\u00e7as clim\u00e1ticas e agricultura: Uma abordagem agro climatol\u00f3gica. Ci\u00eancia & Ambiente, v. 34, p. 169-182, 2007.<\/p>\n

ASSAD, E. D.;\u00a0ZULLO JUNIOR, J.<\/a>;\u00a0PINTO, H. S.<\/a>. Zoneamento Agr\u00edcola de riscos clim\u00e1ticos. In: A. C. A. Albuquerque; A. G. da Silva. (Org.). Agricultura Tropical Quatro d\u00e9cadas de inova\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas, institucionais e pol\u00edticas. 1ed.Bras\u00edlia: Embrapa Informa\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica, 2008, v. 1, p. 1291-1318.<\/p>\n

ASSAD, E. D.<\/strong><\/a>;\u00a0et al. AgMIP Regional Activities in a Global Framework: The Brazil Experience. In: Cynthia Rosenzweig , Daniel Hillel (Columbia University, USA). (Org.). Handbook of Climate Change and Agroecosystems The Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP) Integrated Crop and Economic Assessments ? Joint Publication with American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil. 1ed.London: Imperial College Press, 2015, v. 2, p. 355-.<\/p>\n

ASSAD, E. D. et al. 2020 . Role of the ABC Plan and Planaveg in the adaptation of crop and cattle farming to climate change. Working Paper. S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: WRI Brasil.<\/p>\n

Castellanos et al. (2019). Climate Change, Agriculture, and Adaptation Options for Guatemala.<\/p>\n

Embrapa. Embrapa em n\u00fameros \/ Embrapa, Secretaria Geral, Ger\u00eancia de Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e Informa\u00e7\u00e3o. \u2013 Bras\u00edlia, DF, 2020. 140 p.<\/p>\n

FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The impact of natural hazards and disasters on agriculture and food security and nutrition: a call for action to build resilient livelihoods<\/strong>. Rome, 2017<\/p>\n

IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica. Produ\u00e7\u00e3o Agr\u00edcola Municipal. SIDRA, 2005-2017.<\/p>\n

Marengo JA, et al. 2014. Climate Change in Central and South America: Recent Trends, Future Projections, and Impacts on Regional Agriculture. CCAFS Working Paper no. 73. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark.<\/p>\n

Rodriguez, J., et al. R., 2019. Climate Change, Agriculture, and Adaptation Options for Honduras.<\/p>\n

Sain, G., Thomas, T. S., Cenacchi, N., 2019. Climate Change, Agriculture, and Adaptation Options for Costa Rica. Dispon\u00edvel em https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2499\/p15738coll2.133214<\/p>\n

Salazar, M., et al, 2019. Climate Change, Agriculture, and Adaptation Options for El Salvador.<\/p>\n

SIQUEIRA, O.J.F.; FARIAS, J.R.B.; SANS, L.M. Potential effects of global climate change for brazilian agriculture and adaptative strategies for Wheat, Maize and Soybean. Revista Brasileira de Agroclimatologia. Santa Maria. V.2.p115-129, 1994.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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